The Max Planck Society is founded in West Germany after World War II as the successor to the Kaiser Wilhelm Society.

Before the Nazi’s seizure of power, Einstein is a scientific member and holds a director’s position.

In contrast to Einstein, after 1948 a number of the persecuted scientists agree to their re-appointment as non-resident scientific members.

Among them are Lise Meitner, Otto Meyerhof, Richard Goldschmidt and Rudolf Ladenburg.